“Merit”, to
define it, is the element that makes a person worthy of respect, consideration
and reward. It flows as a spontaneous feeling in the human soul when our intellect
detects in another human being the execution of admirable and complex action,
or the conception of an idea of intellectual, moral and psychological high
value. Therefore, a “person worthy of
merit” is the one that, for its own particular conduct, for talented inclinations
or for socially valuable qualities spreads around him an aura of gratitude,
esteem, efficiency, capacity and respect.
In addition, “meritocracy”
refers to a particular form of government and management of public affairs in which
the official positions are distributed according to merit and not because of
other considerations such as birth or richness. Those who are in favor of a
meritocratic society believe that meritocracy is fair and helpful as it would
guarantee an end to discrimination based on arbitrary standards such as sex,
race, social and economic relations, and so on. Instead, those who oppose it accuse
the meritocratic society to turn into a despotic society because of the
monopoly of power that an elite class would ensure for itself at the top of the
State, deciding to perpetuate its social status and privileges and thus
marginalizing the weight of the governed.
Old Calvinist temple in Lyon |
Historically speaking, the Western and European
societies of the modern age that used to be particularly meritocratic were
those supported by a Protestant religion, especially those that were Calvinist
or closely related to Calvinist theology. In them, the distinguishing
individualism would become an incentive to excel over other members of the
community thanks to the morality and sanctification attributed to work and to
honest workers. The sociologist Max Weber in his survey
“The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism” (Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des
Kapitalismus, 1905) acutely interrelated Protestant ethic, work, capitalist
production and ultimately merit and success, considering them all as
interlocked. In fact, it is not negligible the impact of religion on the
establishment of a society based on moral and spiritual qualities of its
members: a Protestant society (especially if Calvinist or Methodist) will come
to consider in an eschatological-theological point of view work as a factor of
justification and salvation and idleness as a potential tool for eternal
damnation.
John Locke, the father of modern liberalism, argued in
his "Second Treatise of Government" that work, or rather merit in working,
was the factor that legitimated private property.
Likewise, Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of
Independence of the United States (1776), echoing Locke’s ideas, helped to
forge the nascent American society on the principles of meritocracy. He considered a typical cliché of
Enlightenment that considered republican and representative societies as
naturally more inclined to accept the virtues of industriousness; on the
contrary, the monarchical and aristocratic societies – that the Enlightenment supposed
to be unjust – exemplified a fertile ground for the spread of laziness and ineptitude,
like in the case of the inheritance of crucial public offices.
Indeed, a very sharp ideological and political splintering
exists between the Ancien Régime and
the post-revolutionary society: the former founded its existence and legitimacy
on hereditary and blood ties, whilst the latter supported the particular
capacities of individuals regardless of considerations not linked to these very
capacities.
Prussian Pour le Mérite Order medal |
Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia, an
enlightened ruler, both a philosopher and a reformer, was the creator of a
military “Order for Merit”, that was to be conferred to the troops that
deserved an acknowledgment for
their brilliant martial conduct on the battlefield. Later, this Prussian model inspired
Napoleon Bonaparte, the utmost meritocratic leader, when he instituted the
Legion of Honor, another military Order of Merit, which admitted (and still admits)
people belonging to any social class that distinguished themselves both in
civil or military matters. The organization of the Napoleonic Grande Armée embodied the example of a
war machine born to promote merit and talent. Both the higher ranks of the
officer corps and the simple conscript soldiers in the army’s ranks could achieve
high honors if recognized as worthy. The great Corsican general himself
admitted in a famous sentence that each soldier of his army could potentially
bear in his backpack a marshal's baton.
Moreover, fascist societies like Hitler’s Germany or Mussolini’s
Italy represented one of the most ambitious attempts to transform a State into
a completely meritocratic society. This project was visible in almost every
aspect of public life (and often private) that the fascist governments wished
to take care of, from competitive sports to the exaltation of the brave soldier
and the fertility of women. Even Marxism, contrary to what some may think, did not
oppose to meritocracy, basing its ideology on the idea of having to deliver to each
one what was its own. For example, if a doctor had a son who was good at
cultivating the land, it was right that he became a farmer; at the same time,
if a farmer had a son with inclinations for medicine and healing, it was right
that he studied to become a doctor. This Marxist version of meritocracy can
already be detected in Plato’s idea of natural justice, according to which
justice consisted in the fact that everyone should do what nature made him able
to do and did not do the other: this principle is likewise traceable in the
Parable of the talents of the Gospel.
Allegory of the plutocratic capitalistic system |
Meritocracy bases itself on three principles of
government:
1) The allocation of labor and public offices is
distributed by merit, and not by age, experience, loyalty or birth.
2) Work, effort and sacrifice are conceived as a
source of honor (as stated in the Latin motto: "Per aspera ad
astra").
3) Rewarding hard work and punishing disappointing performances
are key factors and motivating elements of the system.
Undoubtedly, meritocratic societies represent an
incentive to compete and an encouragement to confrontation: accordingly, some
wanted to consider this kind of society as very close to the collective implications
of the doctrine of social Darwinism.
Furthermore, it is interesting to point out the
differences between a meritocratic society and a plutocratic. In the first, all
citizens start at the same conditions of equality and only later distinguish
themselves due to their personal qualities, whereas in the second, the power
and social prestige relies on the economic capacity of citizens, not on their
inner quality.
To conclude, we would like to raise a question: if
merit directly depends on personal qualities like intelligence, application,
flexibility, initiative, self-sacrifice, etc., how can we qualify in absolute terms
which individuals deserve to be considered worthy of merit? In other words, how
can we measure intelligence? Are all intelligences equal? If the answer cannot
be easily answered then probably the concept of merit is not as categorically
absolute as we may believe, and thus its social relevance should be resized.
References:
Plato, The
Republic.
J. Locke, Two
Treatises of Government.
M. Weber, The
Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.
Nessun commento:
Posta un commento